[VM Guest] ←→ [Virtual Adapter] ←→ [Virtual Switch] ←→ [Physical NIC] ←→ Network

: They enable communication between VMs, between a VM and its host, and between a VM and the physical external network.

# Create network namespace sudo ip netns add mynamespace

Use Tunnelblick (OpenVPN GUI) which creates utun interfaces automatically.

[patched] - Virtual Network Adapter

[VM Guest] ←→ [Virtual Adapter] ←→ [Virtual Switch] ←→ [Physical NIC] ←→ Network

: They enable communication between VMs, between a VM and its host, and between a VM and the physical external network. virtual network adapter

# Create network namespace sudo ip netns add mynamespace [VM Guest] ←→ [Virtual Adapter] ←→ [Virtual Switch]

Use Tunnelblick (OpenVPN GUI) which creates utun interfaces automatically. between a VM and its host